The reporting verb ("said", "said to") introduces the speech. In indirect speech, "said to" becomes told; "said" (with no listener) stays "said". When the reporting verb is in the past, the reported verb shifts one step back in time (present → past, will → would, can → could, may → might, must → had to). If the reporting verb is in the present/future, or the statement is a universal truth, the tense does not change.कथन-क्रिया ("said", "said to") कथन का परिचय देती है। अप्रत्यक्ष में "said to" बनता है told; "said" (बिना श्रोता) "said" रहता है। जब कथन-क्रिया भूत में हो, तो कथित क्रिया एक कदम पीछे खिसकती है (present → past, will → would, can → could, may → might, must → had to)। यदि कथन-क्रिया वर्तमान/भविष्य में हो, या कथन सार्वभौमिक सत्य हो, तो काल नहीं बदलता।
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| write / is writing | wrote / was writing |
| has written / wrote | had written |
| will / shall | would / should |
| can · may · must | could · might · had to |
In indirect speech, an assertive-sentence "said to" becomes:अप्रत्यक्ष में, कथन-वाक्य का "said to" बनता है:
On backshift, "is writing" becomes:पीछे खिसकने पर "is writing" बनता है:
On backshift, "will" becomes:पीछे खिसकने पर "will" बनता है:
"He says, 'Ram is hungry.'" → indirect:"He says, 'Ram is hungry.'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
Pronouns change to match the reporter: the first person follows the subject of the reporting verb, the second person follows its object, and the third person stays the same (the SON rule). Words of nearness shift to distance:सर्वनाम बताने वाले के अनुसार बदलते हैं: प्रथम पुरुष कथन-क्रिया के कर्ता के अनुसार, द्वितीय पुरुष उसके कर्म के अनुसार, तृतीय पुरुष वही रहता है। निकटता के शब्द दूरी में बदलते हैं:
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|---|---|
| now | then | today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day | yesterday | the day before |
| this / these | that / those | here | there |
| ago | before | tonight | that night |
In indirect speech, "now" becomes:अप्रत्यक्ष में "now" बनता है:
In indirect speech, "tomorrow" becomes:अप्रत्यक्ष में "tomorrow" बनता है:
In indirect speech, "this" becomes:अप्रत्यक्ष में "this" बनता है:
"The teacher said to me, 'You have not done your work.'" → indirect:"The teacher said to me, 'You have not done your work.'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
In an assertive sentence, the reported speech is joined with:कथन-वाक्य में कथित भाग किससे जुड़ता है:
A yes/no question (starting with a helping verb) is reported with:yes/no प्रश्न (helping verb से शुरू) किससे रिपोर्ट होता है:
"He said to me, 'Where are you going?'" → indirect:"He said to me, 'Where are you going?'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
"She said to him, 'Do you like tea?'" → indirect:"She said to him, 'Do you like tea?'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
"He said to her, 'Be careful.'" → indirect:"He said to her, 'Be careful.'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
"The teacher said, 'Do not make noise.'" → indirect:"The teacher said, 'Do not make noise.'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
"She said, 'How beautiful the flower is!'" → indirect:"She said, 'How beautiful the flower is!'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
"The old lady said, 'May you live long!'" → indirect:"The old lady said, 'May you live long!'" → अप्रत्यक्ष:
12 questions on reporting verbs, backshift, word changes and all sentence types. Tap an option to check, then read Why.
कथन-क्रिया, काल-परिवर्तन, शब्द-परिवर्तन और सभी वाक्य-प्रकारों पर 12 प्रश्न। जाँचने के लिए विकल्प पर टैप करें, फिर Why पढ़ें।